Research and Resources

FHAS serves as a knowledge hub for issues of mass rescue at sea. Selected resources are compiled here that may be useful for understanding general dynamics of maritime movements and the specifics of certain routes.

Data on maritime migration is critical for understanding the challenges faced by migrants, refugees, seafarers, and states, but collecting this information is inherently difficult. Migrants and refugees, or those organising the embarkation, often avoid official channels, seeking to be as invisible as possible as they cross land or sea. This means that when migrants or refugees perish on the open ocean, it requires significant work to reconstruct their voyage, to estimate the numbers of people travelling on a maritime route each year or to compile other relevant data.

Below are links for important initiatives to compile data on the phenomenon of maritime movements. These organisations assemble the most complete picture we have of maritime migration, yet they fully admit the limitations of the data they produce. FHAS works with these organizations to support their efforts and to develop new models for data collection and analysis.

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (1974)

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (1979)

UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)

UNHCR, IOM, OHCHR, UNODC, UN Children’s Emergency Fund, and UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Migrants

UNHCR, Legal considerations on the roles and responsibilities of States in relation to rescue at sea, non-refoulement, and access to asylum (December 2022)

UNHCR, ‘UNHCR Position: Interception and turn back of boats carrying asylum-seekers’ (23 July 2015)

UNHCR, ‘UNHCR position on the designations of Libya as a safe third country and as a place of safety for the purposes of disembarkation following rescue at sea’ (UNHCR, 2020)

European Parliament and European Council, Regulation No 656/14 (15 May 2014)

International Maritime Rescue Federation (IMRF), IMRF Position on the Rescue of Persons at Sea in relation to Mixed Migration

IMRF, ‘What is “distress”?’ Lifeline (IMRF, August 2017)

SOS Méditerranée, ‘Frequently asked questions: What is a distress situation?’ (SOS Méditerranée, accessed 15 October 2024)

Effective rescue further requires preparedness and training for a wide range of actors, especially within commercial shipping. Organizations like the International Maritime Rescue Federation (IMRF), International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), and International Maritime Organization (IMO) support general training materials that shipping companies can use, however preparedness for rescue is a constant, iterative process.

Below are links to some key training materials developed by our partners. FHAS works to ensure that the guidance and curricula already developed are well disseminated, and supports initiatives to improve operational guidance to seafarers.

IAMSAR Manual

International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)

IMO, ‘IMO Model Courses’

International Institute of Humanitarian Law, ‘Protection at Sea E-learning’

International Maritime Rescue Federation

ASEAN Migration Outlook (2024)

UNHCR, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2023

IFRC and ICRC, Towards a movement migration strategy (2022)

Katrien Luyten, Addressing pushbacks at the EU’s external borders, European Parliamentary Research Service (October 2022)

European Court of Human Rights, ‘Factsheet – Collective expulsion of aliens’

The Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime

African Migration Observatory (African Union)

UNHCR, IOM and Mixed Migration Centre, On This Journey No One Cares If You Live or Die: Abuse, Protection and Justice along Routes between East and West African and Africa’s Mediterranean Coast (2024)

UNHCR, Desperate Journeys: Rohingya Refugees in Search of Protection (UNHCR, 2024)

UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Observatory on Smuggling of Migrants, Migrant Smuggling in Southeast Asia (UNODC, 2024)

IOM Global Migration Data Portal

IOM Missing Migrants Project

UNHCR Operational Data Portal

Mixed Migration Centre

IMO Inter-agency platform for information sharing on migrant smuggling by sea

IMO Global SAR Plan